Respirators

Many precautions are used in the workplace to keep people safe. Respirators are worn to prevent works from inhaling unwanted substance into the lungs. These substances range from dust, smoke and other particles. Many different types of respirators exist. Each respirator offers different protection. In the work place the respirator will be assigned a protection factor to see how much protection is needed. The more dust or particles in the air the more protection the worker will need. OSHA has a chart published about which type of protection is needed. Respirators also have a maximum use concentrations. These are calculated mathematically. The maximum concentration is the highest amount of a substances that can still be safe to deal with while using a respirator. Respirators have limits on how much they can protect at any given time. Different particles can penetrate through protective material, this means they can go through something.   Beta, alpha and gamma rays play a big part in this. Permeation is when a liquid, gas or vapor can go through a solid. When something is degraded, it breaks down. The condition of something is being decreased. The different types of respirators all have something different about them. If the substance is more powerful or toxic it will need a respirator with more protection. Some air purifying respirator uses the air around you but filters it before you breathe it in. Other respirators use oxygen from a tank.  These filters need to be changed regularly to ensure that they are still working. It fits over your mouth and nose with a strap to keep it in place. Other masks cover the whole face.  Particulate respirators capture things in the air like dust and mists. A filter should be replaced when it is hard to breathe out of the mask.  Another respirator is a combination respirator. These protect against both particles and gases. It provides a better protection than just the particle respirator. These contain both particle filters and gas filters that may make it heavier and more uncomfortable to wear. The last type is a gas and vapor respirator. They are used when only gases or vapors are in the air. They use canisters to remove dangerous gases. These should not be worn when particles are in the air also. A respirator must fit correctly on a person for it to protect someone. A qualitative and quantitative test is given. A qualitative test is given to someone who uses their taste or smell to see if anything leaks and if it fits properly. If the person can smell a substance it is not safe to use. A quantitative test is given for half mask respirators. They use a machine to see if any leakage is occurring. A probe will be attached to the face  piece with a hose that goes back to the machine. An assessment is given to a workplace to see if any hazards exist and what is needed to protect workers against the hazard. If a work site had a lot of dust tools would be used to measure how much dust someone is exposed to within the day. These numbers would be recorded. The numbers will let the inspector know if that workplace is safe or not. 

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Noise

Everyday people get damage to their hearing. Many people have no idea they have damage because it will not show up until you get older. It is a good idea to wear ear protection, once the noise reaches a certain level. Ear plugs and ear muffs are made to reduce noise. They do not completely get rid of noise, but it will hopefully bring the noise down to safe levels. Noise is measured using decibels. Ear plugs are inserted into the ear canal. Workers sometimes have a hard time inserting earplugs. If they are not inserted correctly they will not be effective. Ear plugs are light and easy to transport/carry. Ear plugs will also fit easily under a helmet or safety glasses. Since they fit right into the ear canal they tend to be a better choice over ear muffs. Ear plugs also have some disadvantages. Workers who choose earplugs will have to have good hygiene practices. Dirty ear plugs could lead to ear infections. Since earplugs are so small they can be easily displaced.  OSHA calculates how effective ear plugs or ear muffs are. When you buy, ear plugs or ear muffs it will have an amount that it should reduce noise by. These are usually not correct. To get a correct amount of noise it will take off you subtract the number by 7 and then divide by 2.

            A standard threshold shift is a large amount of change in someone’s hearing. As we age our threshold seems to get worse. Exposure of loud noises throughout the years damage our hearing. Aging also changes our threshold. An employer is required to give a starting worker a hearing test. Higher frequencies are the first to go for many people that experience hearing loss. The 5 decibel exchange rate is a chart issued by OSHA. This chart is in increments of 5. It has what exposure is safe for workers thought the day. The longer hours they work the less noise they can get exposed to. 90 decibels is a safe amount to be exposed to for 8 hours. If you are only exposed for a few hours the decibels will go up, for example you can listen to 105 decibels for half an hour without any hearing damage. I listen to music whenever I drive my car. This is a loud noise environment. My phone app measured the noise at 93. On long drives I might even turn up my music louder to help me stay awake. I will also sometimes be driving for a few hours at a time. This could really affect my hearing when I get older. If I continue this every time I get into my car it will be very concerning later in my life and lead to hearing damage/loss. In my dorm room I got a reading of 70. Noise levels will peak on weekends, but during the week it stays quiet. This number is very safe and should not lead to hearing damage. Many people are not concerned about their hearing because nothing will show up until later in life. Many people do not even realize they are destroying their hearing. 

Air Sampling (benzene)

            The average adult breathes in around 11,000 liters of air every day. With each breath, air travels through the respiratory system. The respiratory system is very complex. It can get damaged from the things in the air that we inhale.  To understand how clean the air is and what is in it we sample it. Sampling is used to monitor the air, researchers also use it to study what particles are in the air. Hundreds of particles can be in the air at any given time. These particles vary depending on where you live. Air pollution from factories and car emissions are particles that you do not want to breath. A few of these particles are okay, but not a large amount. A large amount will cause damage to your respiratory system. Sampling the air will let us know if the area has good clean air or not. There are many techniques you can use to sample the air. An air sampling device must be properly calibrated before using it. If it is not calibrated you will get results that are wrong and you will not be able to use the data. Before using the pump, you need to make sure it is fully charged. After turning on the pump you should run it for 10 minutes, because when you first take it off the charger the batteries might cause a sudden surge at the beginning. Also, making sure you take the sample in slow enough is very important.

            When collecting an air sample, you need to do it over an 8-hour time period. Each hour could have different readings. Many people work an 8-hour shift, collecting samples that they are exposed to over their work day is very important. This will see if the employees are safe during the work day. A worker that is exposed to polluted air 8 hours a day 5 days a week is going to have health problems. Air quality numbers are set to limits to ensure worker safety. Standards are set through OSHA. It is the law that employers provide employees with safe working conditions. For each chemical or particle, a number range is issued about what is safe and what is not. Flow rate is determined by volume as it passes through an area per time. To test the air that you are collecting sample bags are used. The bag hooks onto the pump and the collected air flows into the bag. The bag is then sent to the lab. When a good sample is collected without any errors it is a stable sample. Around 2-3 blank samples will be taken. Blank samples are air samples that do not run through the air pump. These blanks let the lab know what was already in the air. The sample that we took in class was 2 liters per minute. This is a safe sample of benzene. The parts per million is .75 and anything under 1 is considered safe. This sample that was collected is classified as being safe for employees to work in. 

AIrborne hazards

            The body is a complex system and works in a very particular way. The respiratory track is one part of the body and consists of the nasal cavity, soft palate, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Air enters through our mouth or nose travels down our trachea and goes to our lungs.  As we breathe in air our diaphragm tightens to increase the space in our chest cavity to allow the lungs to expand. Right before the air goes to the lungs they enter the bronchi and then to the alveoli. Once the air reaches the lungs the oxygen it provides, then goes to the bloodstream. Foreign particles can get into the respiratory tack and cause major problems. The body has a few barriers so this does not happen. A few barriers are mucus, nasal hairs and cilia. Mucus and cilia line the lungs and catch bacteria and foreign pathogens that enter the lungs. This mucus is very sticky and the foreign particles get stuck in it.  This is called the mucociliary elevator, the goal is to get bad particles stuck and then get them out of the body. When these particles get stuck in the mucus humans cough it up to get rid of it. Another way of getting rid of the harmful bacteria is swallowing it into the stomach. The stomach acid will then destroy these bacteria.

            Airborne hazardous come in different classes and sizes. Some hazardous are more toxic than others. One hazard comes from dust. Many dry particles occur on their own. Dust is also produced in physical processes like in a factory. Inhaling dust has many side effects including irritation in the respiratory track, and allergic responses. If exposed for extended amounts of time it can lead to severe lung diseases. A second hazard is mites, which are airborne droplets. The droplets come off liquids. Side effects include inflammation of mucus production and fluid in the lungs. A third hazard is through fumes. Fumes are produced when materials are heated hot enough that they become a vapor gas. Gases are also an airborne hazard and are very common. A mix of gases can become lethal very quickly.  Breathing in a gas for a few seconds could make you pass out and die. Vapors are closely related to gasses. They are a gaseous phase of liquids. These different airborne hazardous come in different sizes, the larger the particle the more likely your body will be able to get rid of it. If the particle is small it can sneak by your defense mechanisms and enter your body. Your airway can become obstructed. If the airway is obstructed air cannot move, the airway is blocked. The airway can become blocked if a foreign object gets stuck or an allergic reaction occurs. During an allergic reaction, the airway can swell shut. A restriction in the airway can also happen. A restriction is not as severe as an obstruction. A restriction will decrease the air flow to and from the lungs due to swelling. The swelling is not blocking all of the airway, just part of it.

Toxicology

        Toxicology is the study of chemicals in or on an organism and how they are affected by these chemicals. It is very vital to know different levels of exposure to different things and to find out what is safe for humans and what is not. Their are many different ways these chemicals can get into the body. These chemicals are everywhere, small amounts do not usually harm people but large amounts can. A very strong chemical could injure you with just a small amount. One route of entry is inhaling chemicals into the lungs. It is one of the more common routes of entry into the body in a lab setting. It is very dangerous when chemicals get into the lungs. To get to the lungs the chemical also passes through the mouth and throat. Once the chemical is in the lungs it gets into the mucus membrane and makes it difficult to breathe. Another route of exposure is absorption through the skin. Different types of chemicals can burn you if you touch them. A chemical could also give you a bad rash. You can protect yourself by wearing gloves when dealing with harmful chemicals to limit exposure to the skin. Many bottles with chemicals have if it is safe or not somewhere on the bottle. The last two exposures are injection and ingestion. In a hospital setting many types of needles are used, if you were to get poked by a used needle you are now at risk. The needled that poked you could contain a number of diseases which could now get passed on to you. Drug users who use needles are also at a very high risk of exposure when they use dirty or used needles.  Ingestion would be eating something that is toxic or poisonous to humans. Many plants exist around the world and researching or knowing which ones are safe to eat are very important. One bite of a lethal plant could kill you.

      Biotransformation is what the body does when a drug enters the body. The ideal goal is to get the chemical out of the body or to break it down. The body deals with the drug many different ways. One way is a phase 1 reaction. This reaction converts a drug to become more water soluble with active metabolites. Drugs that are metabolized like this have longer half lives. Phase 2 reactions also make the drug more water soluble but have inactive metabolites. Dose response is a very important aspect in toxicology. Dose response is the change in a organism based off of different levels they were exposed to. If the dose was large the organism is going to have more problems. This occurs after a certain exposure time, each chemical is different. Each chemical has a point where it becomes unsafe. Other factors also contribute to this including weight and height. If a larger person and a smaller person got exposed to the same amount of chemical, the smaller person is going to be affected more. Ld50 is the median dose of exposure where half of those who were exposed died and the other half lived. This helps us understand what dose is lethal to humans.

American Association of Poison Control

It is very easy to ingest harmful chemicals which could poison you. Many people get poisoned sometime in their lifetime. It could be a very serious poison which could possibly lead to death if not treated, or it could also be a type of poison causing great problems to your health. Many poisons are also common things that you have around you at home. If you take more than what is recommended for a medication you could get poisoned. Cleaning products are also poisonous is your drink them on accident. You also have to be careful what you eat because many plants can make you very ill.  

Most of the people that do get poisoned, it is usually unintentional. A medicine might be prescribed at a wrong dosage for you. You would be taking what your doctor recommended thinking it was okay, but it could harm you if it is too high of a dose.  A large number of poison exposure is from children under the age of six. These children do not know what is good and what is bad. These children will try to eat poisonous substances if they are not monitored closely. You can always keep chemicals and hazards to children in a high cabinet so they are unable to have access to it.  Using baby proofing tools will also not let them have access to things that are poisonous. These tools will lock cabinets and you will only know how to open them.

If you suspect a poisoning has occurred you can call the American Association of Poison Control. These are professionals that know how to deal with many situations. They will walk you through what to do next. This poison control number has saved many lives. If you are curious about different poisons they also have many things on their website you can read about. 

FAT TOM

            Food is eaten every day, food can also contain harmful bacteria. The bacteria can grow on food very rapidly. Measures are taken to stop food from going bad like putting it in the fridge. Many other measures are also practiced. Restaurants are not always clean and safe with food. That is why inspectors come in. Inspectors look for things like cleanliness around where food is prepared. Also they inspect how the food is stored and kept.  Restaurants and places that handle food follow guidelines to ensure food safety.

            The food workers follow “FAT TOM” which all of the letters stand for something. This abbreviation is an easy way to remember regulations and safety. The F stands for food. Bacteria looks for food to grow on. Food has nutrients and this bacteria needs that to grow. The next letter A stands for acidity. Acid is measured on a ph scale. A ph of 7 is neutral and below that is acid, the lower the number the more acidic. Bacteria does not like acids, so foods that are high in acid do not contain much bacteria. If the food has little to no acid, bacteria is more likely to grow on this. The next letter is T which stands for temperature. Food that sits out is attacked by bacteria. This is why fridges were made. Storing foods at low temperatures reduces the growth of bacteria. The longer food is left out the warmer it gets and bacteria love this. The next T stands for time this is closely related to temperature. The longer the food stays out the warmer it gets and the more bacteria grow on it. The O is for oxygen, some bacteria need oxygen to grow and some do not need it. The last letter stands for moisture. The higher the moisture the more bacteria. These guidelines should always be followed for the safety of humans.